CHARACTERISTIC OF
MANAGEMENT
An analysis of the various definitions of management reveals
the following important characteristic
1.
A
Group Activity.
Management is a
group activity. No individual can satisfy all his desires by himself. Hence he
unites with his fellow beings and work in an rightly called management as a
‘co-operative group’. Management becomes essential wherever, there is an
organized group of people working toward a common goel. It makes the people
realize the objective of the group. It direct their efforts towards the
achievement of these objectives.
2.
Goal
oriented.
According to
Theo Haimann, “Effective management is always management by objective”. Haynes
and Massie opine that without objectives management would be difficult, if not
impossible. The chief aims of management are economis and social. It aims to
achieve some definite goals or objective. Group efforts are directed towards the
achievement of some predetermined goals. Management is concerned with
establishment and accomplishment of these objectives.
3.
A
Factor of Production.
Managament is
not an end in itself. It is a means to achieve the group objectives. It is a
factor of production that is required to co-ordinate the other factor of
production for the accomplishment of predetermined goals, just as land, labour
and capital are factors of production and are essential for the production of
goods and services.
4.
Universal
in Character.
According to
Socrates,”Over whatever an man may preside, he will be a good president if he
knows what he needs and is able to provide it whether he has the direction of a
chorus, a family, a city or an army.” In the word of Henry Fayol,”Be it a case
of commerce, politics, religion, war in
every concern there is management function to be performed.” Management is
required in all types of organizations. Wherever there is some human activity,
there is management. The basic principles of management. The basic principles
of management are universal. These can be applied in all organusation,
business, social religious, cultural, sport, educational, politics or military.
5.
Needed
at all Levels of the Organisation.
According to the
nature of task and the scope of authority, management is needed at all levels
of the organization, e.g., top level, middle level and supervisory level. Like
the chief executive the lowest level supervisor has also to perform the
significant and irreplaceable function of decision making.
6.
Distinct
Process.
Management is a
distinct process performed to determine and accomplish stated objective by the
use of human beings and other resources. Different from the activities,
techniques and procedures, the proess of management consists of such function
as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, co-ordinating, motivating and
controlling.
7.
Social
Process.
In the words of
brech, “Management is a social process entailing responsibility for the
effective and economical planning and the regulation of the operation of an
enterprise, in fulfillment of a given purpose or task”. Management cousists in
getting things done through other. Dealing with people management direct
co-ordinates and regulates the efforts of the human beings in order to achieve
the desired results. It is in this sense, management as a social process. It
has a social process. It has a social obligation to make optimum use of scarce
resources for the benefit of the community as a whole.
8.
System
of Authority.
Authority to
accomplish the work form others is implied in the very of management since it
is a process of directing men to perform a task. Authority is the power to
compel men to work in a certain manner. Management cannot work in the absence
of authority since it is a rule making and rule enforcing body. There is a
chain of authority and responsibility
among people working at different levels of the organization. There
cannot be an efficient management without well defined lines of command or superior
sub ordinate relationships at the various level of decision making.
9.
Dynamic
function,
Management has
to be performed continuously, in an ever-changing business environment. It is
constantly engaged in the moulding of the enterprise. It is also concerned
about the alteration of environment it self so as to ensure the success of the
enterprise.
10.
Itangible.
Management is
intangible. It can be felt in the form of result and not seen. For example,
when we are not able to produce the desired quantity we say it is the result
poor management.
11.
Ar as
well as Science.
Management is a
scince since its principles are of universal application. Management is an art
as the result of management depend upon the personal skill of managers. The art
of the manager is essential to make the best use of management is bouth science
and art.
12.
A
Profession.
Managament is a
profession. It has a systematic and specialized body knowledge consisting of
principles, techniques and laws. It can be taught as a separate discipline or
subject. With the advent of large scale business, the management is now
entrusted in the hand of professional managers.
Sumber : http://books.google.co.id/books?id=sdjcnp33F4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=cost+accounting&hl=id&sa=X&ei=Os_OU4_oFY27uAS23YDQCg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=cost%20accounting&f=fals
